法律英语:给全网不知道咋翻的Trade Sale一个“形神兼备”的译名
经常在私募股权投资或并购类的法律文件中看到trade sale这一术语,作为私募股权投资人退出其所投资的目标公司的三大主要机制之一(另两个方式是IPO(首次公开募股)和secondary buyout(次级收购)),笔者翻遍各种参考文献和资料,搜遍网络平台,竟然没有找到一个合适或者地道的中文译名。坊间有人译作“交易出售”,看似和英文挺对仗(交易对trade,出售对sale),但是,笔者认为还是不甚合原义。至于译作“股权转让”、“商业出售”的,就更加离谱了。甚至还有财经博主直言“中文不知道咋翻”,还挺实诚的,哈哈……
正如这个财经博主所说,在私募股权投资领域,trade
sale一般是指私募投资基金把目标公司(投资项目的载体)的股权全部出售给第三方买家而实现的退出,但是,如果稍加查证,就会发现,trade sale里交易的标的可不仅仅是指公司股份,也就是说trade sale的概念适用领域是超出了私募股权投资领域的。正如下列trade sale的定义所说:
“A trade
sale involves selling a business to another company, typically in the
same industry, allowing the buyer to integrate the acquired business into
their existing operations. It can be a quick way to realize the full
value of a business. Trade sales can involve the sale of shares
or specific business assets like stock or goodwill. ”
“A trade sale is a form
of business sale where a company can be sold to another business typically
operating in the same industry or sector, ... Selling to a trade buyer
is often the cleanest form of transaction, meaning vendors often achieve the full
value of the business on day one.”
也就是说trade sale是一种企业变卖交易(business sale)的方式,通常的交易方(或称第三方买家)也是同行企业(甚至就是竞争对手),也就是所谓的trade buyer(business typically operating
in the same industry or sector),而交易的标的可能是股份(shares),也可能是特定的企业资产(specific business assets),但这种变卖交易的最大好处是可以一次性整体变现(full value of a business)。
在下面这份《股权激励方案》(Share
Incentive Plan)中,则用枚举的方式具体明确了trade sale的交易标的,包括但不限于目标公司的资产、知识产权、股本或表决权,甚至包括公司整体(兼并或合并)。
““Trade Sale” means (a) a sale, lease, transfer or other disposition of all or
substantially all of the assets of the Company, (b) a transfer or an exclusive
licensing of all or substantially all of the intellectual property of the
Company, (c) a sale, transfer or other disposition of a majority of the issued
and outstanding share capital of the Company or a majority of the voting power
of the Company or (d) a merger, consolidation or other business combination of
the Company with or into any other business entity in which the shareholders of
the Company immediately after such merger, consolidation or business
combination hold shares representing less than a majority of the voting power
of the outstanding share capital of the surviving business entity, in each case
prior to a Qualified IPO.”
所以,trade sale是对这一类变现离场方式的统称,并不是说变卖方必须是私募股权投资人或者风投公司,也不是说变卖的一定是股份。
“The term trade sale is
mostly used in the context of venture capital funded businesses and
refers to the sale of a company in its early stages.”
只不过,trade sale经常用在风险投资项目公司的语境中,并用来指涉在公司发展初期将其变卖套现的行为。
而之所以有同行愿意以整体打包的方式收购企业,主要是出于追求协同效应(synergies),这种同行企业一般对行业和目标企业都是“知根知底”的,通常愿意为了协同效应而支付额外的溢价(premium),因此有时目标企业的估值甚至会比IPO退出的情况下更高。从这个意义上看,trade sale有时也被称为strategic acquisition(战略收购)。
而且,由上述定义也可知,trade sale中的“trade”一词,实际上用的是其“同行、同业”这一含义(千万别一见trade就下意识地识别为“贸易”),所以这里的第三方买家称为trade buyer。
综上,结合其字面含义及背景知识,如果要达到“形神兼备”的效果,笔者认为trade sale应当译为“同业整体变卖”(或“同业打包变卖”)。
其实,前面所说的三种套现离场的方式,IPO最终是对企业前景看好的公众(the public)买单,trade sale是卖给同行(trade buyer),secondary buyout则是卖给其他私募股权投资人。而只有trade sale由于是整体打包变卖企业,所以很可能导致企业控制权的变更。

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